據(jù)1月20日IHS Markit報(bào)道，馬來(lái)西亞國(guó)家石油公司(Petronas)計(jì)劃利用碳捕獲、利用和封存(CCUS)來(lái)發(fā)展其新興的低碳?xì)洌ㄋ{(lán)氫）業(yè)務(wù)。該公司認(rèn)為，綠色氫氣在經(jīng)濟(jì)上不具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。

馬國(guó)油氫氣部門(mén)負(fù)責(zé)人艾哈邁德（Adlan Ahmad）在1月12日舉行的能源工業(yè)理事會(huì)“亞太地區(qū)向清潔能源過(guò)渡展望”網(wǎng)絡(luò)研討會(huì)上表示，該公司正利用其在日本和韓國(guó)銷(xiāo)售液化天然氣的現(xiàn)有行業(yè)關(guān)系，“積極”尋求購(gòu)買(mǎi)藍(lán)氫的客戶和開(kāi)發(fā)綠氫的合作伙伴。

艾哈邁德表示：“去年歐佩克石油危機(jī)和新冠肺炎疫情影響了其油氣業(yè)務(wù)后，馬石油決定銷(xiāo)售低碳?xì)錃?。我們的客戶已?jīng)在尋求“零碳”液化天然氣和氫氣，因此國(guó)際大型能源公司排起了隊(duì)，決定進(jìn)入這一行業(yè)”。

馬國(guó)油在10月份推出了氫能源業(yè)務(wù)部門(mén)，此前該公司公布了5年來(lái)首次季度虧損。馬國(guó)油公布，2020年4月至6月期間虧損了210億令吉(合50.2億美元)，而2019年同期盈利147億令吉(合36.4億美元)。該公司表示，虧損是由公司調(diào)整油價(jià)預(yù)期時(shí)的減值支出造成的。

新冠肺炎疫情、能源轉(zhuǎn)型進(jìn)程加快和歐佩克石油危機(jī)使該公司業(yè)務(wù)受到了嚴(yán)重影響，有必要通過(guò)進(jìn)軍其他市場(chǎng)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)移和保障其未來(lái)發(fā)展，將公司可以較少地受到石油和天然氣價(jià)格波動(dòng)的影響。

在歐洲石油巨頭殼牌(Shell)、英國(guó)石油(BP)和埃尼集團(tuán)(Eni)在2020年承諾實(shí)現(xiàn)凈零排放之后，油氣行業(yè)正在圍繞這一目標(biāo)持續(xù)邁進(jìn)。殼牌表示，該公司在2019年向日本東京天然氣公司（Tokyo Gas）和GS Energy出售了一批碳中和液化天然氣貨物。

在承諾凈零排放方面，世界銀行的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，國(guó)家石油公司如果對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)凈零目標(biāo)猶豫不決，可能會(huì)威脅到全球的脫碳進(jìn)程，因?yàn)樗鼈兛刂浦?0%的石油儲(chǔ)量，在2011年國(guó)家石油公司產(chǎn)量甚至占到了全球石油產(chǎn)量的75%。

與私人石油公司相比，國(guó)家石油公司可能不會(huì)那么激進(jìn)，也沒(méi)有多少選擇來(lái)達(dá)到凈零排放的目標(biāo)。許多國(guó)家石油公司正在努力以不同的方式脫碳,但它們不能以放棄石油和天然氣業(yè)務(wù)的方式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)。

第一種方式是加快藍(lán)氫業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展。

馬國(guó)油似乎正在加快其低碳和零碳?xì)錁I(yè)務(wù)的步伐，并將其列入了一份到2050年實(shí)現(xiàn)凈零排放的目標(biāo)清單中。該公司已經(jīng)在生產(chǎn)非低碳的灰氫——通過(guò)天然氣蒸汽重整法生產(chǎn)的氫。

傳統(tǒng)的石油和天然氣客戶，例如公用事業(yè)公司，已經(jīng)開(kāi)始脫碳，馬國(guó)油也正在考慮使用CCUS技術(shù)和蒸汽重整，將其灰氫轉(zhuǎn)化為低碳的藍(lán)氫。該公司首席執(zhí)行官Tengku Muhammad Taufik在11月的東盟能源商業(yè)論壇上表示，該公司計(jì)劃生產(chǎn)“零排放”的氫燃料，這些氫燃料來(lái)自商業(yè)、工業(yè)和碳工程產(chǎn)品，與該公司現(xiàn)有的液化天然氣業(yè)務(wù)相一致。

利用可再生電力生產(chǎn)綠氫也是該公司的重要議程。馬國(guó)油和馬來(lái)西亞國(guó)有公用事業(yè)公司沙撈越能源(Sarawak Energy)最近同意評(píng)估一個(gè)大型綠氫設(shè)施，該設(shè)施旨在利用沙撈越的可再生水力發(fā)電來(lái)生產(chǎn)天然氣，其水力發(fā)電機(jī)組總發(fā)電產(chǎn)能為3.452吉瓦。沙撈越很早就在這一領(lǐng)域取得了進(jìn)展，兩年前與工業(yè)氣體生產(chǎn)商林德(Linde)合作推出了氫能源汽車(chē)加注站。

值得一提的是，馬國(guó)油的客戶更喜歡綠氫燃料，而綠氫對(duì)于該公司來(lái)說(shuō)是新事物，需要與亞洲水電供應(yīng)商合作，需要考慮利用太陽(yáng)能、生物質(zhì)能和其他技術(shù)來(lái)生產(chǎn)氫氣。但成本仍然是生產(chǎn)這種綠氫最大的障礙。當(dāng)前，生產(chǎn)綠氫的成本仍然很高，大約是每公斤5-6美元。不過(guò)，當(dāng)前世界上的均價(jià)大概是每公斤2美元，因此，這對(duì)馬國(guó)油來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。

在電力、交通運(yùn)輸和其他將氫作為原料的行業(yè)，有潛在的綠氫客戶。關(guān)鍵是電解的電力成本是多少，因?yàn)檫@是相當(dāng)耗能的工作，同時(shí)還要考慮顧客愿意支付多少價(jià)格。馬國(guó)油是全球第四大低溫液化天然氣出口商，該公司在出口低溫液化氫方面擁有專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)。同時(shí)，該公司氨業(yè)務(wù)也是一大助力，該公司可以使用氨作為載體，減少氫氣的凍結(jié)，從而使液態(tài)氣能夠通過(guò)海洋運(yùn)輸。

此外，馬國(guó)油的研發(fā)計(jì)劃包括與日本石油天然氣勘探公司(JX Nippon Oil & Gas Exploration)和日本石油天然氣金屬國(guó)家公司(Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corp.)研究向日本出口氫氣的方法。當(dāng)然，該公司的脫碳議程還面臨其他障礙。IHS Markit公司的一份資料顯示，困難包括影響其CCUS計(jì)劃的資本約束。由于馬來(lái)西亞天然氣田的高二氧化碳含量，該公司可能需要使用昂貴的天然氣去除和處理技術(shù)，而其2020年上半年虧損了39億美元。

馬國(guó)油并不是唯一一家試圖轉(zhuǎn)變其天然氣業(yè)務(wù)以滿足低碳天然氣需求的公司。卡塔爾國(guó)家石油公司是全球最大的液化天然氣生產(chǎn)商，該公司宣布了碳捕捉和封存設(shè)施和“使用最新經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的碳減排技術(shù)”生產(chǎn)液化天然氣的計(jì)劃。

去年11月，卡塔爾國(guó)家石油公司還與新加坡國(guó)有企業(yè)Pavilion Energy簽署了全球首個(gè)長(zhǎng)期液化天然氣協(xié)議，旨在購(gòu)買(mǎi)碳中和液化天然氣。

第二種方式是鞏固現(xiàn)有合作關(guān)系。

馬國(guó)油希望其氫業(yè)務(wù)能夠在現(xiàn)有合作關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上得到進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，向日本和韓國(guó)市場(chǎng)銷(xiāo)售液化天然氣。根據(jù)IHS的報(bào)告，該公司目前已承諾向韓國(guó)買(mǎi)家出售價(jià)值200萬(wàn)噸的液化天然氣，并向日本買(mǎi)家出售50萬(wàn)噸的液化天然氣。

EIC地區(qū)分析師Farhana Borhanudin表示，日本和韓國(guó)最近批準(zhǔn)了旨在建設(shè)氫市場(chǎng)的政策，這為加速亞洲的氫項(xiàng)目帶來(lái)了可能。

日本于2020年12月承諾出資2萬(wàn)億日元(190億美元)資助用于發(fā)電、航運(yùn)和航空的氫燃料項(xiàng)目。同樣,韓國(guó)也表示,將建立一個(gè)340億韓元的(3100萬(wàn)美元)氫經(jīng)濟(jì)基金。據(jù)CMS律師事務(wù)所的一份指南顯示，韓國(guó)不僅生產(chǎn)氫動(dòng)力汽車(chē)，而且當(dāng)前上路的氫動(dòng)力汽車(chē)數(shù)量也是最多的。

王佳晶 摘譯自 IHS Markit

原文如下：

Malaysian national oil company targets blue hydrogen

Malaysian national oil company Petronas plans to grow its nascent blue, or low carbon hydrogen business using carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), but does not believe green hydrogen is economically competitive yet.

The company is "actively" seeking customers to buy blue hydrogen and partners to develop green hydrogen, banking on its existing relationships selling LNG in Japan and South Korea, the head of Petronas' hydrogen unit, Adlan Ahmad, told the Energy Industries Council's "Outlook on Asia Pacific Transition to Clean Energy" webinar on 12 January.

Petronas decided on marketing low carbon hydrogen after the OPEC oil crisis and coronavirus lockdowns impacted its oil and gas business last year, said Ahmad, adding: "Our customers are already requesting carbon-free LNG and zero carbon hydrogen, so the stars were lining up and the decision was made to enter the business."

Petronas launched its hydrogen business unit in October after it reported its first quarterly loss in five years. Petronas reported a loss of RM21 billion (US$5.02 billion) in the April-June 2020 period, compared with a profit of RM14.7 billion ($3.64 billion) in the year-ago period. It said the loss was due to impairment charges as the company readjusted its oil price outlook.

"The history behind it is related to the pandemic and OPEC oil crisis, where Petronas' business was severely affected, and there was a need for Petronas to pivot and future-proof its business by entering other businesses. It will make us less exposed to fluctuations in oil and gas prices, not to mention energy transition is already hitting us," said Ahmad.

Momentum is growing around net-zero targets in the oil and gas industry after European majors Shell, BP and Eni made net-zero pledges last year, rising to prominence in step with the idea that natural gas can be offset or produced using lower carbon processes. Shell said it sold a carbon neutral LNG cargo to Japan's Tokyo Gas and GS Energy in 2019.

Hesitancy about aiming for net zero by national oil companies could threaten global decarbonization, as they controlled 90% of reserves and accounted for 75% of global oil production in 2011, according to World Bank data.

Oil states may experience less activism and have fewer options with which to reach net zero than private oil companies. "Already, many national oil companies are looking hard at decarbonization in different ways, but they will not be able to abandon oil and gas in the ways that some international oil companies are talking about and they will need to find smarter ways to do it," said EIC Chief Executive Officer Stuart Broadley.

Blue hydrogen agenda

Petronas appears to be on track to accelerate its low-and zero-carbon hydrogen business, which it included in a list of aspirations to help it reach net zero by 2050. It already creates non-low-carbon grey hydrogen, or hydrogen produced through a natural gas steam reforming method.

Traditional oil and gas customers, utilities for example, are beginning to decarbonize, so Petronas is considering using CCUS technology with steam reforming to make its grey hydrogen into lower carbon blue hydrogen. It plans to produce "zero emission" hydrogen fuel produced from commercial, industrial, and carbon-engineered products in a move aligned with its existing LNG business, CEO Tengku Muhammad Taufik told the ASEAN Energy Business Forum in November.

Green hydrogen produced from renewable electricity is also high on the company's agenda. Petronas and Malaysian state-owned utility Sarawak Energy recently agreed to evaluate a large-scale green hydrogen production facility that aims to produce the gas using Sarawak's renewable hydropower, the utility said. It operates a total of 3.452 GW of generation capacity across its hydroelectric power fleet. Sarawak previously made headway in this area, launching a hydrogen vehicle filling station with industrial gas producer Linde two years ago.

Petronas' customers prefer green hydrogen. "Green hydrogen is new to us. We need to partner with suppliers of hydroelectricity in Asia, and we have partners with excess hydroelectricity. We need to look at producing hydrogen from solar, biomass, and other technologies," he said.

But cost remains a barrier to meeting this green hydrogen demand. "The cost to produce 1 kilogram of green hydrogen today is still high. It's about US$5-6 per kilogram and the world is looking more at the point of about US$2 per kilogram. So that is a big challenge for the community," said Ahmad.

There are potential green hydrogen customers in power, transportation, and other industries that use hydrogen as a feedstock. "The key is always what is the cost of the electricity in order for you to do the electrolysis, because it is quite energy intensive, and what is the price the customer is willing to pay," said Ahmad.

"In order for us to be successful in the hydrogen business, it has to be demand-backed. There must be customers who are willing to pay the premium to import and use hydrogen," said Ahmad in the context of explaining how transportation costs impact hydrogen exports. Here, Petronas is already the world's fourth-biggest exporter of cryogenic LNG, which gives it know-how when it comes to exporting cryogenic liquified hydrogen. It has other advantages that would give it an edge in exporting hydrogen, namely its ammonia business, he said. Using ammonia as a carrier eases freezing of hydrogen to enable shipping the liquid gas across oceans.

Ahmad added that other organic carriers were in development. Petronas' R&D plans include studying ways to export hydrogen to Japan with JX Nippon Oil & Gas Exploration and Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corp. (JOGMEC), the latter said in March.

Petronas' decarbonization agenda faces other hurdles. Obstacles include capital constraints affecting its plans for CCUS, according to an IHS Markit company profile. Owing to the high carbon dioxide content of Malaysian gas fields, Petronas is likely to use costly gas removal and disposal technologies, but it posted a $3.9 billion loss for the first half of 2020.

Petronas is not alone in trying to transition its natural gas business to meet low-carbon gas demand. The national oil company of Qatar, which also owns the largest LNG producer, announced plans for carbon capture and storage (CCS) facilities and LNG made "using the latest proven carbon reduction technologies."

Qatar Petroleum also signed in November what it says is the world's first long-term LNG deal that calculates wellhead-to-discharge-port greenhouse gas emissions, supplying Singapore's state-owned company Pavilion Energy. The move was part of Pavilion Energy's plans to eventually make its LNG purchases carbon neutral.

Existing relationships

Petronas hopes its hydrogen business will build on its existing relationships selling LNG to the relatively advanced hydrogen markets of Japan and South Korea, said Ahmad. It currently has commitments to sell LNG in deals worth 2 MMtpa to South Korean buyers as well as 0.5 MMtpa to a Japanese buyer, according to the IHS report.

Japan and South Korea recently approved policies that aim to build hydrogen markets, bringing a potential to expedite hydrogen projects in Asia, said EIC Regional Analyst Farhana Borhanudin.

Japan's Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga pledged ￥2 trillion ($19 billion) in December to fund hydrogen as a fuel for electricity generation, shipping, and aviation. Likewise, the South Korean government has said it will establish a ?34 billion (US$31 million) Hydrogen Economy Fund. South Korea not only produces hydrogen-powered vehicles, but it has the greatest number of them on its roads, according to a guide by law firm CMS.

來(lái)源： 中國(guó)石化新聞網(wǎng)